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Concerto
The first time I had a theoretical music class which the term “Concerto” was explained to me I was a teenager working on Liszt Concerto and looking forward to work on Rach 3 and Tchaikovsky. At that time I was told that “Concerto” means “competition”. Competition expressed through a power related relation between Soloist and Orchestra. It made perfect sense to me as in those pieces the soloist's aim is to dominate, and to not be dominated/covered by the Orchestra which is extremely massive. Later on though my view of the field changed, especially when dealing with earlier composers such as Mozart,because “competition” and “struggle for dominion” were not for me the right association with those pieces. I don't consider Mozart Concerti as examples of a competition between soloist and orchestra, nor a struggle for power. I see them more as a dialogue, a conference between voices and colors (the different instruments, their combination etc.) and as I wrote in my Mozart and Diderot post, a theater of emotions and thought. In fact, the word concerto originally comes from the Italian word “concertare,” meaning to arrange, agree, get together, connect.
Some musicians see chamber music also as a struggle, as which instrument wins, but I feel it as a conversation where the sides might disagree but there is no attempt to dominate the others. Some even see playing the piano as a struggle, trying to dominate the piano and force their will. In all of these instances, I feel that domination gets you just so far. It is not a matter of politeness, but simply that of what brings out the most correct vision.
Montaigne devoted a chapter on the subject of conférer, here is an excerpt :
“Le plus fructueux et naturel exercise de notre esprit, c'est à mon gré la conférence. J'en trouve l'usage plus doux que d'aucune autre action de notre vie; et c'est la raison pourquoi, si j'étais asteure forcé de choisir, je consentirais plutôt, ce crois-je, de perdre la vue que l'ouïr ou le parler. Les Athéniens, et encore les Romains conservaienten grand honneur cet exercice en leurs académies. De notre temps les Italiens en retiennent quelques vestiges, à leur grand profit, comme il se voit par la comparaison de nos entendements aux leurs.”

“The most fruitful and natural exercise of the mind, in my opinion, is conversation; I find the use of it more sweet than of any other action of life; and for that reason it is that, if I were now compelled to choose, I should sooner, I think, consent to lose my sight, than my hearing and speech. The Athenians, and also the Romans, kept this exercise in great honour in their academies; the Italians retain some traces of it to this day, to their great advantage, as is manifest by the comparison of our understandings with theirs.”

I already quoted him on the subject here  as well:

“There can be no pleasure to me without communication: there is not so much as a sprightly thought comes into my mind, that it does not grieve me to have produced alone, and that I have no one to communicate it to.”
I can only comment as a fairly astute listener.  For any musical work to succeed it seems there needs to be accord between the performers rather than competition.  There may be pieces which come across as a monumental struggle between different instruments but there always needs to be a balance and all must give as good as they are given, so to speak.  If there is indeed a competition it seems to me that it is in the expression of attempted dominance between the performers and the elements, some passages from Beethoven's symphonies simply lift one and carry one as if on a wave full of energy and turmoil, but for that effect to occur there has to be accord between the players.  That accord is directed by the supremo musician, the group's leader (conductor/director etc) and I often wonder at the skills needed to pull a symphony or even a chamber orchestra together in that manner. My tiny mind boggles and at the same time is grateful.

In response to John barri
Once (you're quite safe now) I studied Tai chi, and the key principle seemed to be that you didn't attack your opponent, or use his/her energy against them, but combined their force with yours to face both of you, peacefully, in the same direction.  That seems to me to be the process in a number of concerto's where the conversation isn't necessarily an agreement, or a confrontation, but a process of slowly testing out and finally uniting conflicting energies.  One of my favourites is Beethoven's Violin Concerto - the orchestra seems to be setting out a vision of human endeavour that is noble and strong but somehow searching and lost - the violin challenges this but almost sweetly from a place of quiet, finally finding a way forward for soloist and orchestra that combines both perspectives.  A perfect conversation, in other words.
Bonjour Edna


Je suis bien sûr tout à fait d'accord avec vous sur le fait qu'il ne peut y avoir compétition dans l'interprétation d'un concerto ou d'une musique de chambre. La compétition est juste bonne pour les concours ou les exploits sportifs, jamais pour la musique. A partir du moment où l'interprète n'est pas seul mais joue avec d'autres ( concerto, sonate...), c'est le dialogue, l'échange, la complicité qui va rendre sensible toute l'éloquence de l'oeuvre.
Richter disait détester son interprétation du triple concerto de Beethoven avec Oïstrakh et Rostropovitch sous la direction de Karajan à cause du désaccord entre eux ( Karajan avait selon lui une idée erronée du  2ème mouvement,et Rostropovitch cherchait trop" à tirer la couverture à lui" ).Même un pianiste fantasque et iconoclaste comme Glenn Gould ( que j'adore d'ailleurs même s'il est parfois contestable ) ne cherchait pas à se mettre en avant dans les concertos ou la musique de chambre( par exemple, dans sa très belle interprétation du quatuor avec piano de Schumann, ou dans cette émouvante rencontre avec Menuhin où les 2 grands solistes aux idées pourtant bien différentes s'attachent à servir avec un respect mutuel des sonates de Bach et Beethoven ).
Une oeuvre, parmi d'autres , qui m'a toujours subjugué est l'adagio du 23ème concerto de Mozart. Sur quelques mesures un solo de piano d'une poignante mélancolie dans un silence presque glacé puis les bois et les cordes viennent sublimer le chant du piano dans un dialogue, un échange d'une infinie pudeur( les merveilleux pizzicati à la fin du morceau... ),avant de s'éteindre dans un murmure.
Un ange blessé pleure des larmes de diamant...
L'accord entre le soliste et l'orchestre doit ici être fusionnel.
Par contre, en ce qui concerne le rapport entre le soliste et son instrument, je ne suis pas sûr que la confrontation, la lutte soit un élément négatif.Je sais bien qu'il est aujourd'hui impensable qu'un pianiste fasse une fausse note en concert ou au disque ( quelle horreur ! une interprétation doit être propre, aseptisée, sans scories ). Pourtant devant " ce monstre aux dents d'ivoire" comme l'appelait Yves Nat,de grands maîtres du passé ne montraient pas cette frilosité face aux fausses notes, accrocs, imperfections diverses qui pouvaient émailler leurs interprétations habitées( je pense ici à Nat bien sûr mais aussi à Cortot, Fischer, Richter...). Parfois le piano( et plus encore le pianoforte) résiste, se cabre, se rebelle...C'est la lutte de l'esprit contre la matière, c'est Michel-Ange extrayant du bloc de marbre l'idée qui y était emprisonnée,y laissant sur la surface les traces des outils( "Esclaves enchaînés",etc...).

Je vais sauter du coq à l'âne(l'âne c'est moi),et me permettre de vous demander votre avis sur l'interprétation d' une pièce que j'ai pas mal travaillé autrefois : la Fantaisie en ré mineur de Mozart. IL y a dans cette  magnifique pièce, plus abordable que la grande Fantaisie en ut mineur qui m'a donné bien du fil à retordre,une note répétée à la mesure 20 (mi) et à la mesure 36 (ré) .Je suis bien sensible à l'effet émotionnel de cette répétition mais je me suis souvent demandé comment  jouer ces mesures( forte, avec ou sans crescendo...) et puis quand j'ai entendu la version de Glenn Gould qui fait résonner ces mesures comme un glas en alternant forte et piano, cela m'a paru une évidence et j'ai pris l'habitude de les jouer de cette façon (même si c'est un parti pris très contestable).Un autre problème qui se pose pour moi est cet allegretto qui suit ( dont la fin n'est d'ailleurs même pas de Mozart) qui est d'un caractère tellement différent que je n'ai jamais pu me résoudre à le jouer. Mozart a-t-il vraiment voulu ainsi dénouer les dramatiques accents de sa Fantaisie ?
Je m'excuse d'avance de cette réflexion sans doute très naïve...

Bien à vous







Postscript (October 4, 2010 at 5:32 PM):

Here is a translation in my bad english


I am of course totally agree with you on the fact that there can't be domination  in the interpretation of a concerto or chamber music. The domination is only good for competitions or sporting achievements, never for music. From the time the interpreter is not playing alone but with others (concerto, sonata ...), it's dialogue, exchange(?), complicity (?)that will make sensible all the eloquence of work.
Richter said hate his interpretation of Beethoven's Triple Concerto with Oistrakh and Rostropovich led by Karajan because of disagreement between them (Karajan had a misconception according to him the second movement, and Rostropovich was looking too "to take all the credit to him") . Even a whimsical, iconoclastic pianist Glenn Gould as (I love also although it is sometimes questionable) did not "seek to highlight"(?) in the concertos or chamber music (for example, in his beautiful interpretation of Schumann's piano quartet, or in this moving encounter with Menuhin where the two soloists with yet very different ideas attached to serve with mutual respect sonatas by Bach and Beethoven).
A work, among others, which is extraordinary is   the adagio in the 23rd Mozart concerto. On some measures, a piano solo of poignant melancholy, in an almost icy silence and then the wood and the strings are a sublime singing in a dialogue with piano of infinite modesty (the wonderful pizzicati at the end of the piece. ..), before dying in a whisper.
A wounded angel is crying tears of diamond ...
The agreement between the soloist and the orchestra must be fusion here.
 Regarding the relationship between soloist and his instrument, I'm not sure that confrontation,  struggle is négative. I know he is now unacceptable that a pianist make false notes in concert and on recordings (Oh My! interpretation should be clean, sanitized, without slag). Yet before "the monster with ivory teeth" as called Yves Nat, great masters of the past showed no such reluctance to  rips, various imperfections that could be in  their memorable performances ( Nat but also Cortot, Fischer, Richter ...). Sometimes the piano (the pianoforte and more) resists, rears, rebels ... It is the struggle of mind against matter, it is Michelangelo  extracting  the idea that  was into the marble, leaving traces on the surface of the tools ("Slaves", etc. ...).
 Allow me to ask you your opinion on the interpretation of a piece I  worked a lot: the Fantasia in D minor of Mozart. There is in this magnificent piece , more easy than the great Fantasy in C minor that gave me  a hard time, a repeated note at bar 20  and bar 36 . I am very sensitive to the emotional effect of this repetition, but I am often asked how to play these (forte, with or without a crescendo ...) and then when I heard the version by Glenn Gould that resonates like a funeral knell in alternating forte and piano, it seemed obvious and I'm used to play that way (even if it is  very questionable ). Another problem  for me is that allegretto following (whose end  in fact is not even from Mozart) the character is so different that I could never bring myself to play.Did Mozart really want to end so the dramatic accents of his  Fantasy?  


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